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物流/商贸/运输英文词汇解释
Commons terms and statements unique to the international transportation
and logistics business are explained below in simple, easy to understand
definitions.
Absolute Quota Restrictions - which permit a limited quantity of
merchandise to be entered with Customs or withdrawn for consumption
into the United States during specified periods of time.
Act of God: - Marine Insurance term meaning an act beyond man’s
control, e.g., lightning, flood, earthquake, etc. The carrier is
not legally responsible under most circumstances for such damage.
Ad Valorem: -
According to value. Rates are based on value of goods Advising Bank:
- The Bank which advises the seller that a Letter of Credit has
been opened in his favor by the buyer; however, the advising bank
does not necessarily guarantee payment.
AI - All Inclusive Rates AMS - Automated Manifest System. Electronic
computer link with U.S. Customs that allows for faster processing
and clearance of cargo.
Arbitrary: - A stated amount over a fixed rate to one point to make
a rate to another point.
Arrival Notice: - Notice sent by the carrier informing the consignee,
notify party, and also notify party of the arrival date of the cargo.
Other pertinent information for shipment may be included, such as
bill of lading number, weight, charges due and location of cargo.
Awkward Cargo: - Cargo of irregular size that is either containerized
or un-containerized. It requires prior approval, depending on the
circumstances, before confirmation of booking. BAF or (BSC): - Bunker
Adjustment Factor (or Bunker Surcharge). Surcharge assessed by carrier
to freight rates to supplement increased fuel costs.
Bank Guarantee: - Document accepted in lieu of original bill of
lading to release cargo. Protected in writing to carrier for performing
a deviation from normal business, guaranteed by a bank.
BB- Break bulk: - A term used to describe cargo which does not constitute
a full container, or which is palletized, boxed, etc., or large
machinery, trucks, etc. Also used to describe cargo, which cannot
be containerized due to its size and/or nature.
B/L- Bill of Lading: - A receipt for the cargo and a contract for
transportation between a shipper and the ocean carrier. It may also
be used as an instrument of ownership, which can be bought, sold
or traded while the goods are in transit. To be used in this manner,
it must be a negotiable “Order Bill of Lading”.
A “Clean B/L” is issued when the shipment is received in good order.
If damage or a shortage is noted, a clean bill of lading will not
be issued. An “On Board B/L” certifies that the cargo has been placed
aboard the named vessel and is signed by the master of the vessel
or his representative. On letter of credit transactions, an On Board
B/L is usually necessary for the shipper to obtain payment from
the bank.
When all bills of lading are processed, a “ships manifest” is prepared
by the steamship line. This summarizes all cargo aboard the vessel
by port of loading and discharge.
“Inland Bill of Lading” is also known as the “Waybill” on rail or
the “Pro Forma B/L” in trucking. It’s used to document the transportation
of the goods between the port and the point of origin or destination.
It should contain information, such as marks, numbers, steamship
line, etc., to match with a dock receipt.
Booking: - The arrangement of space of cargo in a container (CFS
or CY), or as a break bulk or bulk. One would call an international
carrier and reserve space for the cargo. Bonded Warehouse: - A warehouse,
section of a warehouse, or secured area designated by U.S. Customs
as a bonded warehouse. It is a temporary storage area (limited for
five years) for goods until duties are paid or otherwise properly
released and the cleared from Customs.
Box: - Slang term for an ocean container for cargo.
Brokerage: - Fee paid to freight forwarder by the carrier for services
performed. Bulk Freight: - Not in packages or containers, shipped
loose in the hold of the ship. Grain, coal and sulfur are usually
bulk freight. CAF - Currency Adjustment Factor: Surcharge percentage
applied to freight rates to adjust currency fluctuations in order
to equalize different currency values. Carrier Certificate and Release
Order (Carrier Certificate): - Used to advise Customs of the details
of the shipment, its ownership, port of lading, etc. By means of
this document, the carrier certifies that the firm or individual
named in the certificate is the owner or consignee of the cargo.
CBM - Cubic Meter Certificate of Origin (C/O) - Formal document,
required at destination, stating the origin of cargo and relevant
cargo details.
CFS - Container Freight Station. Storage/warehouse facilities for
loading/unloading less than full container orders.
CFS/CFS - Cargo movement delivered loose at origin point, devanned
by carrier at destination, and picked up loose at destination terminal.
CFS/CY - Loose cargo received at origin point, loaded in a container
by carrier, then delivered intact at destination.
Chassis:- A wheeled flat bed trailer on which to mount a cargo container
for transport.
CHB (Custom House Broker)- - A person or company who is licensed
to transact customs business on behalf of the United States importer.
Licensing is by U.S. Customs. Also referred to as Customs Broker.
CIF: - Cost Insurance and Freight. Claim: - When used in Marine
Insurance, means a demand made by a shipper or insurance company
upon a carrier for payment of a loss sustained through its negligence.
Clean B/L: - See B/L
COD- - Collect (Cash) on
Delivery Carried on Docket (pricing) Change of Destination
COFC: - Container on Flat Car.
Containers moving on articulated flat cars without chassis.
Commercial invoice: - A bill for the goods from the seller to the
buyer. It is often used by government to determine the true value
of goods for the assessment of customs duties. It is also used in
the preparation of consular documentation. Governments using the
commercial invoice to control imports often specify its form, content,
number of copies, language to be used, etc. Conference - Group of
carriers allowed by
FMC to determine a level of rates, services and rules of a given
trade route bound together by a common tariff. Connecting Carrier
- An intermediary carrier utilized to connect cargo to/from the
mother vessel. Also known as “feeder service”. Consignee - Receiver
of shipment
Consolidator- - A company who combines small shipments to a common
point for convenience and special rate to accommodate the customer.
Consortium - Group of carriers pooling resources in a trade lane
to maximize their resources efficiently.
Consular Invoice - Required by some countries, this document is
used to control and identify goods shipped to them. It usually must
be prepared on special forms and may require legalization by their
Consul.
Consumption Entry - See Custom Entries
Container - A vehicle designed to transport cargo of many types
in continuous transportation. They are constructed as to not fail
under stress or handling over a long period of time. Most ocean
vessels can accommodate 20’ and 40’ length ocean containers for
below deck storage and any size above deck.
Containers may be ventilated, insulated, flat rack (open sided),
reefer (refrigerated), vehicle rack, or open top.
Container Load Plan (CLP) - A document prepared to show all details
of cargo loaded in a container, e.g. weight (individual and total),
measurement, markings, shipper, the origin of goods and destination,
as well as location of the cargo within the container. Containership
- An ocean vessel specifically designed to carry ocean cargo containers.
It’s fitted with vertical cells for maximum loading/discharge efficiency.
Country of Origin - The country of manufacture, growth or production
of cargo. Credit Agreement - Agreement between carrier and shipper
for release of cargo with promise to pay ocean freight within specified
time.
CST - Commodity Specialist Team Customs Entries Consumption Entry
– A form required by U.S. Customs for entering goods into the U.S.
The form contains information as to the origin of the cargo, a description
of the merchandise, and estimated duties applicable to the particular
commodity. Estimated duties must be paid when the entry is filed.
Immediate Delivery Entry (I.D. Entry) – Procedure used to expedite
the clearance of cargo. It allows up to ten days for the payment
of estimated duty and processing of the consumption entry. In addition,
it permits delivery of the cargo prior to payment of the estimated
duty and then allows subsequent filing of the consumption entry
and duty.
Immediate Transportation Entry (I.T. Entry) – Allows the cargo to
be moved from the pier to an inland destination via a bonded carrier
without the payment of duties or finalization of the entry at the
port of arrival. Cargo must clear Customs at the inland destination
point.
Transportation and Exportation Entry (T&E Entry) – Allows goods
coming from or going to a third country (such as Canada or Mexico)
to enter the U.S. for the purpose of Trans-shipments.
Cut-Off - Last possible date cargo may be delivered to vessel or
designated point.
CY- Container Yard - Storage area where full containers are received
and picked up.
CY/CFS - Cargo loaded in a full container by a shipper at origin,
delivered to pier facility at destination, and then devanned by
carrier for loose pick up.
CY/CY - Cargo loaded by shipper in a full container at origin and
delivered to carrier’s terminal at destination for pick up intact
by consignee.
DDC – A charge assessed by the carrier for handling positioning
of a full container within the container yard
Delivery Instructions - These instructions provide specific information
to the inland carrier about the merchandise to the particular pier
or steamship line. This term is not to be confused with “Delivery
Order” which is used for import cargo.
Delivery Order (Pier Release) - Issued by the consignee or his customs
broker to the ocean carrier as authority to release the cargo to
the inland carrier. Includes all data necessary for the pier delivery
clerk to determine that the cargo can be released to the domestic
carrier.
Demurrage - A penalty charge against shippers or receivers for delaying
carriers equipment beyond allowed time.
Devanning - The process of unloading cargo from a container. Also
referred to as un-stuffing, unloading, or stripping.
Diversion - A change made in the route of a shipment. Dock Receipt
- Receipt given for a shipment received or delivered at a pier or
dock. When delivery of an overseas shipment is completed, the dock
receipt is surrendered to the carrier and a bill of lading is issued.
Door to Door - Shippers use the container to carry goods directly
from his premises to his customer’s location. Shipper is responsible
for proper stowage and security of cargo within container.
DOT - Department of Transportation.
DST- Double Stack Train – Rail car train capable of carrying two
forty-foot equivalent containers, one on top of each other.
Duty Rates - Tax imposed by U.S. Customs on imported merchandise.
There are three basic types: (1) ad valorem – based on the entered
value, (2) specific – an amount per unit of quantity, (3) compound
– combination of ad valorem and specific rates.
DWT - Deadweight capacity of vessel to carry cargo. Entry - The
document or set of documents required to be filed with U.S. Customs
to secure the release of imported merchandise. The entry is the
appropriate Customs document accompanying required supporting documentation.
The final disposition of the imported cargo will determine the type
of entry to be filed.
Export Declaration - Required by the U.S. Department of Commerce
to control exports and to act as a source document for export statistics.
It includes complete particulars on the shipment. Common abbreviation
is Ex Dec.
FAK - Freight All Kinds. FCL (Full Container Load) - A container
of goods with the shipper being responsible for the packing and
the consignee being responsible for the unpacking of the container
at his own premises. Feeder Service - See Connecting Carrier
FEU - Forty Foot Equivalent Unit. A 40’ container equals 2 TEUS
FF (Freight Forwarder) - Federally licensed company that handles
documentation details for shipper of export cargo.
Flat Car - Platform rail car on which trailers, containers, etc.
, are loaded
FMC (Federal Maritime Commission) - U.S. Government Agency responsible
for overseeing regulatory aspects of all maritime activities. Foreign
Trade Zone
(FTZ) - A facility which – under license issued by the Foreign Trade
Zone
(FTZ) board – has acquired extra-territorial status. Merchandise
entered into a FTZ are considered as having been “exported” and
can be subjected to manipulation or manufacturing processes without
Customs supervision, but will be subject to other applicable federal
or state laws and terms of the storage contract. Free Time - Storage
time allowed at carriers’ facility without penalties being assessed.
Free On Board (FOB) – An international term of sale. The goods
are placed on board a ship by the seller at a port of shipment named
in the sales contract. The risk of loss or damage to the goods is
transferred from the seller to the buyer when the goods pass the
ship’s rail. Freight Brokerage - A commission paid to a licensed
Freight Forwarder or Custom House Broker by the steamship line concerning
export transactions. Commission is paid either as a percentage or
the freight charges or as a lump sum amount per container, depending
on the carrier and/or trade lane. Freight Release (Freight Bill
Receipt) - Evidence that the freight charges for the cargo have
been paid. If in writing, it may be presented at the pier to obtain
release of the cargo. (Normally, once the freight is paid, releases
are usually arranged without additional documentation).
General Average (GA) - Coverage for loss resulting from voluntary
sacrifice, e.g., jettison, or the act of expending cargo to prevent
loss of vessel, crew, passengers, or total cargo. The value of such
a loss is averaged among all interested parties.
GO – General Order - Cargo seized by customs due to failure on part
of consignee to make customs entry within allotted free time.
GRI - General Rate Increase.
Gross Weight - The weight of the goods including packaging, wrapping,
and internal and external containers. Heavy Lift - Single commodities
too heavy to be lifted by the ship’s regular equipment H/H - House
to House (same as CY/CY) H/P - House to Pier (same as CY/CFS) HH/Goods
- Household goods
HM - Hazardous Materials
IA – Independent Action - A carrier can take an independent action
within a conference resulting in a unique rate for that carrier,
ability to file a rate independently of other carrier’s action.
ICTF - Immediate Container Transfer Facility
IFM – Inward Foreign Manifest Immediate Delivery Entry – See Customs
Entries
Immediate Transportation Entry (IT) – See Customs Entries In Bond
– The transportation of a shipment to an inland point for Customs
clearance rather than filing an entry to clear the goods at the
port of arrival. Inland B/L – See B/L Insurance Certificate – Assures
the consignee that insurance is provided to cover loss or damage
to the cargo while in transit. Interchange – Transfer of a container
from one party to another. Interchange Agreement – Contract between
carrier and trucker that legally permits interchange of equipment
Intermodal – The combining of two forms of transportation, usually
refers to ocean.rail, rail/truck/ocean, air/truck/rail/ocean movements,
Intermodal movements include mini-landbridge (MLB) and microbridge.
IPI – Inland Point Intermodal – Inland carriage by another mode
of transportation after port discharge, cargo moving to/from an
inland point. Issuing Bank – The bank that has issued or opened
a letter of credit. Also called an Opening Bank.
JOC – Journal of Commerce. A trade publication. Trade Transportation
Journal.
LCL (Less Than Container Load) – Cargo in any quantity (usually
loose cargo) intended for carriage in containers, the carrier is
responsible for packing and unpacking the container at the carrier’s
premises.
Letter of Credit (L/C) – Financial document issued by a bank at
the request of the consignee guaranteeing payment to the shipper
for cargo if certain terms and conditions are fulfilled. Normally
it contains a brief description of the goods, documents required,
a shipping date, and an expiration date after which payment will
no longer be made.
LT – Long Ton (2,240 pounds) M & R – Maintenance and Repair
M/T – Metric Ton Manifest – A list of all cargo loaded on board
a vessel. Entire listing of all cargo on board a vessel required
by the carrier, customs, and the coast guard. Microbridge – Cargo
moving port to port via land or rail; inland destination served
overland by rail.
Minimum B/L – The minimum amount one can charge per individual bill
of lading MLB – Minilandbridge – Cargo moving port to port via land
or rail; port destination served overland by rail.
Negotiable B/L – Original Bill of Lading endorsed by shipper that
is used for negotiating documents with bank. Net Weight – The weight
of the commodity only. Neutral Body – Neutral party used to police
the practices of members of the conference.
Non Conference Carrier – An independent ocean carrier who does not
belong to any group or conference of ocean carriers and who establishes
their own pricing and policies.
Non Negotiable B/L – Copy of original Bill of Lading which cannot
be negotiated with bank
NVOCC – (Non Vessel Operating Common Carrier) – Company who charters
space aboard vessels, then sells that space to prospective shippers.
Also known under deregulation as an Ocean Transportation Intermediary
(OTI) OBL – Original Bill of Lading Ocean B/L – See B/L On Board
B/L – See B/L Overland Common Point (OCP) – A term stated on bill
of lading offering lower shipping rates to importers east of the
Rockies provided merchandise from the Far East comes in through
the West Coast Ports. Per Diem – Costs per day. Charge on containers
held by customers for an extended time; charges levied upon a trucker
due to late return of equipment. Pilferage – The act of stealing
cargo
POD – Port of Discharge. Also an acronym for Proof of Delivery.
POR – Port of Origin
POL – Port of Loading Port of Arrival – Location where imported
merchandise is off-loaded from the importing aircraft or vessel.
Port of Departure – In export, the final ocean port of aircraft
where the shipment in the vessel or aircraft departs from the United
States.
Port of Discharge - Port where goods are unloaded from vessel
Prepaid B/L – Freight paid prior to movement; money to be paid prior
to issuance of bill of lading.
P/H – Pier to House (same as CFS/CY)
P/P – Pier to Pier (same as CFS/CFS)
R/T – Revenue Ton
Rates – Ocean rates are classified in many ways, here is just a
sampling:
Class – Grouping of articles
Commodity – Specific articles
Arbitrary – Fixed rate according to port to port
Minimum – Lowest charge
Heavy Lift Charge – Extra Charge for cargo which needs extra or
heavy equipment to load or unload, charge assessed for cargo over
a certain length.
Charter – use of an entire vessel
Ad Valorem – based on value of cargo Refrigerated – cargo which
requires refrigeration equipment
Dangerous Cargo – needs special handling or stowage
On Deck Cargo – Cargo which must be shipped on the deck of the vessel
Refrigerated Container (Reefer) – A specialized type of container
with built-in diesel power generator, engineered for the transportation
of refrigerated and perishable commodities.
Revenue Ton – Tonnage used to calculate freight rates as in ocean
cargo
Seals on Containers – Attached to locking device on container to
prevent pilferage and to certify no tampering; made of steel by
customs or carrier.
Service Contract – As provided in the Shipping Act of 1984, a contract
between a shipper (or a shipper’s association) and an ocean carrier
(or conference) in which the shipper makes a commitment to provide
a certain minimum quantity of cargo or freight revenue over a fixed
time period, and the ocean common carrier or conference commits
to a certain rate or rate schedule as well as a defined service
level (such as assured space, transit time, port rotation, or similar
service failures). The contract may also specify provisions in the
event of nonperformance on the part of either party.
SL&C (Shippers Load and Count) – Shipments loaded and sealed by
shippers and not checked or verified by the carriers.
Special Customs Invoice – An official form usually required by
U.S. Customs if the rate of duty is based upon the value and the
value of the shipment exceeds $500. This document is usually prepared
by the foreign exporter or his forwarder and is used by Customs
in determining the value of the shipment. The exporter or his agent
must attest to the authenticity of the data furnished.
Stevedore - Terminal operator who facilitates the operation of loading
and discharging vessels and other terminal activities. Stowage -
To place cargo aboard a carrier in a preplanned and organized manner.
Tare Weight - The weight of a container and the material used for
packing exclusive of cargo. When applied to a loaded truck, the
weight of the truck exclusive of its contents.
Tariff - A schedule of charges, rules and regulations, which must
be followed. This can be for transportation charges, loading and
unloading charges, and import duties, etc.
TEU – Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit. A 20’ container is a TEU. Term
used to express the carrying capacity of vessels.
THC – Terminal Handling Charge. Charge assessed by terminal for
loading, unloading, fork lifts, document fees, and other assessments
for import and export cargo.
TIR – Trailer Interchange Receipt. Interchange receipt between trucker
and carrier; document showing condition of container/equipment at
the time of interchange.
TOFC – Trailer on Flat Car. Containers with chassis loaded onto
rail cars. Transmittal Letter – Contains a list of the particulars
of the shipment, a record of the documents being transmitted, and
instructions for disposition of these documents. Any special instructions
are also included. Transportation and Exportation Entry – See Customs
Entries. Transshipment – The transfer of cargo from one carrier
to another. TRC – Terminal Receiving Charge. Charge assessed by
the terminal for cargo being delivered for export.
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture). A government agency
which regulates functions of specific imported merchandise, e.g.,
plants and plant products, domestic animals, serums and by products,
etc.
W/M – Weight or Measure. War Risk – In Marine Insurance, is damage
or loss sustained as the result of acts of war. It is usually written
in a separate policy against current war like acts as well as former
war leftovers, such as floating mines not detected, etc. War Risk
is not included in an All Risk policy, but can be added by endorsement.
A separate premium is usually paid.
Wharfage – Charge assessed by terminal or port authority for the
handling of incoming or outgoing cargo.
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